M5 –
TERJEMAHAN JADUAL
|
Struktur Makro Makna global daripada
suatu teks yang dapat diamati daripada topik/tema
suatu teks |
|
Superstruktur Kerangka suatu teks
seperti bahagian pendahuluan, isi, penutup dan
kesimpulan |
|
Struktur Mikro Makna lokal daripada
suatu teks yang dapat diamati Daripada pilihan kata,
kalimat dan gaya yang dipakai oleh suatu teks |
Rajah 1 : Teori Analisis Wacana oleh vanDijk (1977)
|
Macro Structure Global meaning of a replaceable text from a text topic/theme |
|
Superstructures A frame of a text such as the advance section, content, cover and conclusion |
|
Micro Structure The meaning of the locality of a replaceable text From the choice of words, formats and styles worn by a text |
Figure 1 : Discourse Analysis
Theoryby vanDijk (1977)
|
Macro
Structure Global meaning of a replaceable text from a text topic/theme |
|
Superstructure The outline of a text such as the advance section, content, cover and conclusion |
|
Micro
Structure The locality meaning
of a replaceable text From the choice of words, formats and styles used |
Figure 1 :
Discourse Analysis Theory by vanDijk (1977)
|
Macro Structure Global meaning of a replaceable text from a text topic/theme |
|
Superstructure The outline of a text such as the advance section, content, cover and conclusion |
|
Micro Structure The locality meaning of a
replaceable text From the choice of words, formats and styles used by a text |
Figure 1 : Discourse Analysis
Theory by vanDijk (1977)
|
Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis (Fairclough, 1995) |
||
|
Analisis Tekstual |
Analisis Wacana Praktis |
Analisis Praktis Sosial |
|
Tatabahasa ·
Tema Leksikal ·
Metafora |
Intertektualiti ·
Pra-andaian ·
Metawacana ·
Penafian |
Ekonomi Pendidikan Politik |
|
Kohesi ·
Pengulangan ·
Konjunsi |
Interdiskusi ·
Naratif ·
Perbahasan ·
Ekspositori ·
Luahan (expressive) |
|
Rajah 2: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh Fairclough (1995)
|
Critical Discourse Analysis
Theory (Fairclough, 1995) |
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|
Textual Analysis |
Practical Discourse Analysis |
Social Practical Analysis |
|
Grammar · Theme Lexical ·
Metaphor |
Intertektuality · Pre-assumptions · Metawacana · Disclaimer |
Economics Education Politics |
|
Coherent · Repetition · Conjunction |
Interdiscusation ·
Narrative ·
Debate ·
Expository ·
Expressive (luahan) |
|
Figure 2: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by
Fairclough (1995)
|
Critical
Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995) |
||
|
Textual
Analysis |
Practical
Discourse Analysis |
Social
Practical Analysis |
|
Grammar · Theme Lexical ·
Metaphor |
Intertektuality · Pre-assumptions · Metawacana · Disclaimer Interdiscusation |
Economic Education Politic |
|
Coherent · Repetition · Conjunction |
·
Narrative ·
Debate ·
Expositories ·
Expressive (telling |
|
Figure 2: Theory of Critical
Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)
|
Critical Discourse Analysis
Theory (Fairclough, 1995) |
||
|
Textual Analysis |
Practical Discourse Analysis |
Social Practical Analysis |
|
Grammar · Theme Lexical ·
Metaphor |
Intertektuality · Pre-assumptions · Metawacana · Disclaimer Interdiscusation |
Economics Education Politics |
|
Coherent · Repetition · Conjunction |
·
Narrative ·
Debate ·
Expositories ·
Expressive (Telling) |
|
Figure 2: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by
Fairclough (1995)
|
STRATEGI KESOPANAN |
|
|
Bald
on-record Contoh: Bersedia! Dengar sini.... Berikan saya bakul besar itu. Lampu itu berwarna hijau. Jemput masuk. Jemput makan. |
Kesopanan
Positif Contoh: Kamu nampak sugul. Boleh saya tolong? Boleh saya pinjam seratus ringgit? Saya ikut kamu ke hospital, jika kamu
tidak keberatan. |
|
Kesopanan
Negatif Mungkin dia yang mengambil kotak itu, mungkin! Tolong berikan saya pinggan putih itu. Kalau begitu, sedikit arahan tidak
diperlukan? Membuang botol kosong merata-rata tidak
dibenarkan. |
Off-record Wah, semakin sejuk dalam bilik ini. Mahal betul harga kasut di sini. Cantik baju kamu. |
Rajah 3 : Strategi Kesopanan oleh Brown &
Levinson (1987)
|
DECENCY STRATEGY |
|
|
Bald on-record Example: Ready! Listen.... Give me that
big basket. The light is
green. Invite in. Invite to
meals. |
Positive Decency Example: You
see sugul. Can I Please? Can I borrow a
hundred dollars? I follow you
to the hospital, if you do not Mind. |
|
Negative Decency Maybe he who
took that box, may be! Please give me
that white plate. If so, a
little instruction is not required? Removing empty
bottles everywhere is not Allowed. |
Luar rekod Yeah, the cooler in this room. Expensively
correct shoe prices here. Beautiful your
shirt. |
Figure 3: Decency Strategy by
Brown & Levinson (1987)
|
DECENCY
STRATEGY |
|
|
Bald on-record Example: Ready! Listen.... Give me that big basket. The light is green. Please get in. Let’s have a meal. |
Positive Decency Example: You look so sad. What can I help? Can I borrow a hundred dollars? I will follow you to the hospital, if you don’t mind. |
|
Negative Decency Maybe he who took that box, maybe! Please give me that white plate. If so, a little instruction is not required? Disposing empty bottles evenly
are not Allowed. |
Off-record Yeah, the room is getting
coolder. The price of the shoes is expensive. Your shirt is beautiful. |
Figure 3:
Decency Strategy by Brown & Levinson (1987)
|
DECENCY STRATEGY |
|
|
Bald
on-record Example: Ready! Listen.... Give me that
big basket. The light is
green. Please get
in. Let’s have a
meal. |
Positive Decency Example: You
look so sad. What can I help? Can I borrow
a hundred dollars? I will
follow you to the hospital, if you don’t mind. |
|
Negative Decency Maybe he who
took that box, maybe! Please give
me that white plate. If so, a
little instruction is not required? Disposing empty bottles evenly are not Allowed. |
Off-record Yeah, the room is getting coolder. The price of
the shoes is expensive. Your shirt
is beautiful. |
Figure 3: Decency Strategy
by Brown & Levinson (1987)
|
Pendekatan
Analisis Wacana (Normaliza
Abd Rahim, 2018b) |
||||
|
PRA-ANDAIAN 1.
Intusi 2.
Konteks ·
Penerimaan/ Penafian ·
Keperluan ·
Perujukan ·
Anafora ·
Pengulangan ·
Kekaburan ·
Penegasan |
EMOSI 1.
Positif 2.
Negatif 3.
Emosi Bercampur ·
Perangai ·
Personaliti ·
Mood ·
Motivasi |
NILAI
DAN BUDAYA 1.
Diri 2.
Masyarakat 3.
Adat ·
Jujur, ikhlas, baik hati, kasih sayang, kerajinan, kesyukuran kesederhanaan. ·
Berdikari, hemah tinggi, keberanian, kebersihan, fizikal, dan mental, kesantunan ·
Hormat menghormati, kerjasama, semangat bermasyarakat ·
Keadilan, kebebasan, rasional |
BAHASA
1.
Bahasa pertama/ kedua/ ketiga 2.
Formal/ tidak formal 3.
Kesalahan bahasa 4.
Linguistik |
INFERENS 1.
Rumusan keseluruhan 2.
Rumusan topik perbincangan 3.
Penutup kata |
Rajah
4: Pendekatan Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
|
Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b) |
||||
|
PRE-ASSUMPTIONS 1.
Intuition 2.
Context ·
Acceptance/ Disclaimer ·
Requirements ·
Persuasion ·
Anafora ·
Repetition ·
Ambiguity ·
Assertion |
EMOTION 1.
Positive 2.
Negative 3.
Emotions Mixed ·
Temperament ·
Personality ·
Mood ·
Motivation |
VALUES AND
CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Customs ·
Honestly,
sincerely, kindness, love dear, craft, Thanksgiving
Simplicity. ·
Independent,
heax high, courage, hygiene, physical, and mentally, effects ·
Respect, cooperate, community ·
Justice, freedom, rational • |
LANGUAGE 1.
Language first/ second/ third 2.
Formal/ not formal 3.
Offence language 4.
Linguistics |
INFERENCE 1.
Summary overall 2.
Summary topic discussion 3.
Word cover |
Figure 4: Normaliza Discourse
Analysis Approach (2018b)
|
Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b) |
||||
|
PRE-ASSUMPTIONS 1.
Intuition 2.
Context ·
Acceptance/ Disclaimer ·
Requirements ·
Persuasion
·
Repetition ·
Ambiguity ·
Assertion |
EMOTION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Mixed Emotions · Temperament · Personality · Mood · Motivation |
VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Tradition · Honest kindness, love, diligent,
gratitude, simplicity. · Independent, dedicated, brave, physical, and
mental hygiene, politeness · Respect, collaboration, community · Justice, freedom, rational
|
LANGUAGE 1. La First
language second/ third 2. Formal/ not formal
3. 4. Linguistics |
INFERENCE 1. Overall summary
2. Summary of topic discussion 3. Word cover |
Figure 4:
Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza (2018b)
|
Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b) |
||||
|
PRE-ASSUMPTIONS 3.
Intuition 4.
Context ·
Acceptance/ Disclaimer ·
Requirements ·
Persuasion ·
Anaphora ·
Repetition ·
Ambiguity ·
Assertion |
EMOTION 4.
Positive 5.
Negative 6.
Mixed Emotions ·
Temperament ·
Personality ·
Mood ·
Motivation |
VALUES AND
CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Traditions ·
Honestly,
sincerely, kindness, love, diligent, gratitude,
simplicity. ·
Independent,
dedicated, brave, physical, and mental hygiene, politeness ·
Respect, collaboration, community ·
Justice, freedom, rational |
LANGUAGE 1. First language second/ third 2. Formal/ not formal 3. Error in Language 4. Linguistics |
INFERENCE 4.
Overall
summary 5.
Summary of topic discussion 6.
Word cover |
Figure 4: Discourse Analysis
Approach Normaliza (2018b)
|
Teori
Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
||
|
Kandungan 1.
Tema |
Konteks 1. Tatabahasa 2. Latar 3. Emosi |
Andaian 1.
Pendapat 2.
Perujukan 3.
Persoalan |
Rajah
5: Teori Analisis Wacana
|
Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim,
2018d) |
||
|
Content 1.
Theme |
Context 1.
Grammar 2.
Background 3.
Emotion |
Assumptions 1.
Opinion 2.
Persuasion 3.
Question |
Figure 5:
Discourse Analysis Theory
|
Discourse Analysis Theory
(Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
||
|
Content 1. Theme |
Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 3. Emotion |
Assumptions 1. Opinion 2. Persuasion 3. Question |
Figure 5: Discourse Analysis
Theory
|
Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim,
2018d) |
||
|
Content 2.
Theme |
Context 4.
Grammar 5.
Background 6.
Emotion |
Assumptions 4.
Opinion 5.
Persuasion 6.
Question |
Figure 5: Discourse Analysis Theory
Jadual
2: Konteks dalam Model Penceritaan Nilai Sosial Melalui Cerita Kanak-Kanak
|
Judul |
Tatabahasa |
Latar |
Emosi |
|
Keluarga |
Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang mudah
dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk
kanak-kanak istimewa |
Rumah
ibu dan bapa |
Gembira,
rindu |
|
Diri |
Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang mudah
dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk
kanak-kanak istimewa |
Dalam
dan luar rumah,
sekolah |
Gembira |
|
Saya
yang Istimewa |
Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang mudah
dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk
kanak-kanak istimewa |
Rumah
ibu dan bapa |
|
|
Saya
Tahu |
Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang mudah
dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk
kanak-kanak istimewa |
Dalam
atau luar rumah |
Hiba,
sedih, simpati |
|
Saya
Faham |
Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang mudah
dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk
kanak-kanak istimewa |
Rumah,
sekolah ataupun
di tempat awam |
Gembira, simpati,
ambil berat |
Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling
Model Through Children's Stories
|
Title |
Grammar |
Background |
Emotion |
|
Family |
Use of words and sentences simple and suitable for all including special children |
Mother’s house and father |
Happy, longing |
|
Self |
Use of words and sentences simple and suitable for all including special children |
Inside and outside home, school |
Happy |
|
I am the one Special |
Use of words and sentences simple and suitable for all including special children |
Mother’s house and father |
|
|
I know |
Use of words and sentences simple and suitable for all including special children |
Inside or outside House |
Hiba, sad, sympathy |
|
I understand |
Use of words and sentences simple and suitable for all including special children |
Homes, schools or in public
places |
Happy, sympathy, take weight |
Table 2: Storytelling Model
Through Children's Stories Context in Social Values
|
Title |
Grammar |
Background |
Emotion |
|
Family |
The use of simple words and
sentences suitable for all including special children |
Mother and father’s
house |
Happy, longing |
|
Self |
The use of simple words and
sentences suitable for all including special children |
In and outside of the house,
school |
Happy |
|
I am Special |
The use of simple words and
sentences suitable for all including special children |
Mother and father’s
house |
|
|
I know |
The use of simple words and
sentences suitable for all including special children |
In or outside of the House |
Sorrow, sad, sympathy |
|
I understand |
The use of simple words and
sentences suitable for all including special children |
Homes, schools or at public places |
Happy, sympathy, caring |
Table 2: Storytelling Model Through Children's
Stories Context in Social Values
|
Title |
Grammar |
Background |
Emotion |
|
Family |
The use of simple words and sentences suitable
for all including special children |
Mother and father’s house |
Happy, longing |
|
Self |
The use of simple words and sentences suitable
for all including special children |
In and outside of the house, school |
Happy |
|
I am Special |
The use of simple words and sentences suitable
for all including special children |
Mother and father’s house |
|
|
I know |
The use of simple words and sentences suitable
for all including special children |
In or outside of the House |
Sorrow, sad, sympathy |
|
I understand |
The use of simple words and sentences suitable
for all including special children |
Homes, schools or at public places |
Happy, sympathy, caring |
Jadual 3: Kandungan
dalam Cerita Sosial
|
Judul |
Teks |
Tema |
Sampel/Bahan |
Jenis |
|
Nenek dan Datuk |
Cerita pendek |
Kekeluargaan |
Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim |
Penceritaan |
|
Saya yang Istimewa |
Cerita pendek |
Kekeluargaan |
Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim |
Penceritaan |
|
Keluarga |
Cerita pendek |
Kekeluargaan |
Ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim |
Penceritaan |
|
Hati |
Cerita pendek |
Kemasyarakatan |
Ibu, cikgu, Alim, rakan-rakan |
Penceritaan |
|
Jiran |
Cerita pendek |
Kejiranan |
Ibu, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim |
Penceritaan |
Table 3: Content in Social Stories
|
Title |
Text |
Theme |
Samples/Materials |
Type |
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
Short story |
Family |
Grandparents, grandparents,
mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim |
Narration |
|
I'm a Special One |
Short story |
Family |
Grandparents, grandparents,
mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim |
Narration |
|
Family |
Short story |
Family |
Mother, father, Imran, Medina,
Aisya, Alim |
Narration |
|
Heart |
Short story |
Community |
Mother, teacher, Alim, friends |
Narration |
|
Neighbors |
Short story |
Neighborhood |
Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah,
Sulaiman, Alim |
Narration |
Table
3: Content in Social Stories
|
Title |
Text |
Theme |
Samples/Materials |
Type |
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
Short story |
Family |
Grandmother, grandfather, mother,
father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim |
Narration |
|
I am Special |
Short story |
Family |
Grandmother, grandfather, mother,
father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim |
Narration |
|
Family |
Short story |
Family |
Mother, father, Imran, Medina,
Aisya, Alim |
Narration |
|
Heart |
Short story |
Community |
Mother, teacher, Alim, friends |
Narration |
|
Neighbors |
Short story |
Neighborhood |
Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah,
Sulaiman, Alim |
Narration |
Table 3: Content in
Social Stories
|
Title |
Text |
Theme |
Samples/Materials |
Type |
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
Short story |
Family |
Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah,
Alim |
Narration |
|
I am Special |
Short story |
Family |
Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah,
Alim |
Narration |
|
Family |
Short story |
Family |
Mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisya, Alim |
Narration |
|
Heart |
Short story |
Community |
Mother, teacher, Alim, friends |
Narration |
|
Neighbors |
Short story |
Neighborhood |
Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim |
Narration |
Jadual 4: Konteks dalam Cerita Sosial
|
Judul |
Tatabahasa |
Latar |
Emosi |
|
Nenek dan Datuk |
Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa |
Kampung nenek dan datuk |
Gembira, rindu, sedih, marah, keliru, puas hati |
|
Saya yang Istimewa |
Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa |
Rumah ibu dan bapa |
Gembira, puas hati, sedih |
|
Keluarga |
Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa |
Rumah ibu dan bapa |
Gembira, resah |
|
Hati |
Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa |
Sekolah, rumah, jiran |
Gembira |
|
Jiran |
Penggunaan
kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa |
Rumah ibu bapa dan jiran |
Gembira, simpati, ambil berat, sedih |
Table
4: Context
in Social Stories
|
Title |
Grammar
|
Background
|
Emotional
|
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Grandparent village
and grandparents |
Happy,
missed, sad, angry, confused, satisfied |
|
I'm a Special One |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Mother and father's
house |
Happy,
satisfied, sad |
|
Family |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Mother and father's
house |
Happy,
restrecked |
|
Heart |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Schools, homes,
neighbors |
Happy |
|
Neighbors |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Parents and neighbouring
homes |
Happy,
sympathy, caring, sad |
Table
4: Context
in Social Stories
|
Title |
Grammar
|
Background
|
Emotion |
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Grandparent’s
village |
Happy,
missed, sad, angry, confused, satisfied |
|
I am Special |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Parent’s house |
Happy,
satisfied, sad |
|
Family |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Parent’s house |
Happy,
restless |
|
Heart |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
School, home,
neighbor |
Happy |
|
Neighbors |
Easy and suitable use of words and sentences for all
including special children |
Parent’s house and
neighbor’s house |
Happy,
sympathy, caring, sad |
Table 4: Context in Social Stories
|
Title |
Grammar |
Background |
Emotion |
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
Easy
and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children |
Grandparent’s village |
Happy, missed, sad,
angry, confused, satisfied |
|
I am Special |
Easy
and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children |
Parent’s house |
Happy, satisfied, sad |
|
Family |
Easy
and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children |
Parent’s house |
Happy, restless |
|
Heart |
Easy
and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children |
School, home, neighbor |
Happy |
|
Neighbors |
Easy
and suitable use of words and sentences for all including special children |
Parent’s house and neighbor’s house |
Happy, sympathy,
caring, sad |
Jadual 5: Senarai Nilai Sosial dalam Cerita Sosial
|
Judul Cerita Sosial |
Nilai Sosial |
|
Nenek dan Datuk |
Kasih sayang, ambil berat,
rasional, tanggungjawab, ikhlas, jujur, baik hati, kekeluargaan, sabar |
|
Saya yang Istimewa |
Baik hati, ikhlas, tolong
menolong, ambil berat, tanggungjawab |
|
Keluarga |
Baik hati, sabar, tolong
menolong, ikhlas, ambil berat, rajin, usaha, tanggungjawab, rasional |
|
Hati |
Baik hati, kasih sayang,
ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, berkongsi, berterima kasih, hormat menghormati,
rajin |
|
Jiran |
Baik hati, tanggungjawab,
kasih sayang, rasional, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, yakin, kejiranan |
Table
5: List of Social Values in Social Stories
|
Social Story Title |
Social Values |
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely,
honestly, kindness, family, patience |
|
I'm a Special One |
Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility |
|
Family |
Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking,
effort, responsibility, rationality |
|
Heart |
Kindness, love, caring, sincerely, honestly, share,
thankful, respectful, hardworking |
|
Neighbors |
Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care,
sincere, honest, confident, neighborhood |
Table
5: List of Social Values in Social Stories
|
Social Story Title |
Social Values |
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerity,
honesty, kindness, family, patience |
|
I am Special |
Kindness, sincerity, helping each other, take care, responsibility |
|
Family |
Kindness, patient, helping each other, sincerity, caring,
hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality |
|
Heart |
Kindness, love, caring, sincerity, honesty, share,
thankful, respectful, hardworking |
|
Neighbors |
Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, caring,
sincerity, honesty, confident, neighborhood |
Table 5: List of Social
Values in Social Stories
|
Social
Story Title |
Social Values |
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
Love,
care, rationality, responsibility, sincerity, honesty, kindness, family,
patience |
|
I am Special |
Kindness,
sincerity, helping each other, take care, responsibility |
|
Family |
Kindness,
patient, helping each other, sincerity, caring, hardworking, effort,
responsibility, rationality |
|
Heart |
Kindness,
love, caring, sincerity, honesty, share, thankful, respectful, hardworking |
|
Neighbors |
Kindness,
responsibility, love, rationality, caring, sincerity, honesty, confident,
neighborhood |
|
Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
|
Strategi Pengelakan atau Pengurangan |
|
1.
Pengabaian/Peninggalan mesej 2.
Pengelakan topik |
|
Achievement
or Compensatory Strategies Pencapaian
atau Strategi Pampasan |
|
3.
Parafrasa (Circumlocution) 4.
Penghampiran 5.
Penggunaan perkataan semua tujuan 6. Cipta
perkataan baharu (Word-coinage) 7.
Penstrukturan semula/Penggunaan kaedah bukan bahasa (Use of non linguistic
means) 8.
Terjemahan literal 9.
Pengantarabangsaan 10.
Pertukaran kod 11.Meminta
pertolongan, penjelasan, pengesahan atau membuat tekaan/ Appeal for help
Stalling |
|
Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Penangguhan atau Strategi Tambahan Waktu |
|
12.
Penggunaan perkataan yang tiada makna/Use of fillers/strategi penanda
(hesitation devices) |
Rajah 7: Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997)
|
Taxonomy of Communication
Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
|
Evokation
or Reduction Strategy |
|
1. Omission/Omission of message 2. Evocate topics |
|
Achievement or Compensatory
Strategies Achievements or Compensation
Strategies |
|
3. Paraphrasing (Circumlocution) 4. Apprehension 5. Use of all-purpose words 6. Create new words (Word-coinage)
7. Restructuring/Use of
non-linguistic means 8. Literal translation 9. Internationalization 10. Change of code 11.Request help, explanation,
confirmation or make guesses/ Appeal for help Stalling3. Parafrasa
(Circumlocution) |
|
Stalling
or Time-gaining Strategies Postponement
or Time Supplementary Strategy |
|
12. Use of words without
meaning/Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices) |
Figure 7: Communication
Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)
|
Taxonomy of
Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
|
Evocation |
|
1. Omission/Exclusion of message 2. Evocate topic |
|
Achievement or Compensatory
Strategies Achievement or Compensation
Strategies |
|
3. Paraphrasing (Circumlocution) 4. Apprehension 5. Use of all-purpose words 6. Create new words (Word-coinage)
7. Restructuring/Use of non-linguistic
means 8. Literal translation 9. Internationalization 10. Change of code 11.Request help, explanation,
confirmation or make guesses/ Appeal for help Stalling3. Parafrasa
(Circumlocution) |
|
Stalling
or Time-gaining Strategies Postponement
or Time Supplementary Strategy |
|
12. Use of words without
meaning/Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices) |
Figure 7: Communication
Strategy Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)
|
Taxonomy of Communication Strategy by
Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
|
Evocation or
Reduction Strategy |
|
1. Omission/Omission of message 2. Evocate topics |
|
Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Achievements or Compensation Strategies |
|
3. Paraphrasing (Circumlocution) 4. Apprehension 5. Use of all-purpose words 6. Create new words (Word-coinage) 7. Restructuring/Use of non-linguistic means 8. Literal translation 9. Internationalization 10. Change of code 11.Request help, explanation, confirmation or make
guesses/ Appeal for help Stalling3. Parafrasa (Circumlocution) |
|
Stalling or
Time-gaining Strategies Postponement or Time
Supplementary Strategy |
|
12. Use of words without meaning/Use of
fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices) |
Figure 7: Communication Strategy
Taxonomy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)
Jadual 6: Strategi
Komunikasi
|
|
Strategi
Komunikasi |
Frekuensi |
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 |
Singkatan Perkataan baharu tiada
makna Penafian/Percanggahan Persoalan Pengulangan Perujukan Pembetulan kendiri Topik berlainan/pengabaian
mesej Celahan Penangguhan Terjemahan literal Pertukaran bahasa Imaginasi Kesopanan Parafrasa Meminta pertolongan |
15 4 10 6 8 13 5 4 8 6 4 4 5 4 4 4 |
Table 6: Communication Strategy
|
|
Communication Strategy |
Frequency |
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 |
Abbreviation New words no meaning Disclaimer/Contradictions Question Repetition Persuasion Self-correction Different topics/message ignorance Interstitial Delay Literal translation Language changes Imagination Modesty Paraphrasing Ask for help |
15 4 10 6 8 13 5 4 8 6 4 4 5 4 4 4 |
Table 6: Communication Strategy
|
|
Communication Strategy |
Frequency |
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 |
Abbreviation New words without meaning Disclaimer/Contradictions Question Repetition Persuasion Self-correction Different topics/message omission Interstitial Delay Literal translation Language changes Imagination Modesty Paraphrasing Ask for help |
15 4 10 6 8 13 5 4 8 6 4 4 5 4 4 4 |
Table 6: Communication Strategy
|
|
Communication Strategy |
Frequency |
|
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 |
Abbreviation New
words no meaning Disclaimer/Contradictions
Question
Repetition
Persuasion
Self-correction
Different
topics/message ignorance Interstitial
Delay
Literal
translation Language
changes Imagination
Modesty
Paraphrasing Ask
for help |
15 4 10 6 8 13 5 4 8 6 4 4 5 4 4 4 |
Rujukan:
Normaliza
Abd Rahim (2019). Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi.
Terengganu: Universiti Malaysia Terengganu
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